There are about 400,000 patients with end-stage renal disease in the U.S. who depend on hemodialysis (HD) for their survival. Creating effective and reliable vascular access sites that can connect patients to HD machines remains a major unmet clinical need. HD patients who use an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for vascular access live longer, healthier lives and cost less to care for. However, only about 55% of HD patients... more »